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Objective:To analyze the in vitro inhibitory effects of resveratrol on rabies virus. Methods:The challenge virus standard (CVS)-11 strain of rabies virus and BHK-21 cells were used to establish the infection model. In vitro inhibitory effects of resveratrol on rabies virus were analyzed at different stages of infection by direct immunofluorescence and cell fluorescence focus unit assay. Results:Without affecting cell growth, resveratrol could block the adsorption of virus, interfere with the entry of virus into cells and inhibit virus proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibition rate could reach up to about 95%. The results of co-incubation experiment showed that 40 μmol/L resveratrol could directly kill the virus.Conclusions:This study indicated that resveratrol inhibited the activity of rabies virus in a concentration-dependent manner.
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Abstract@#Myopia is becoming a global public health problem, the prevalence of myopia among Chinese children and adolescents is high. The nature and nurture etiologies of myopia have been debated for a long time, and current evidence suggests that behavioral and environmental factors are the main causes of myopia in children and adolescents. Challenges in research on behavioral risk factors include cross sectional design, as well as limited longitudinal and intervention. Therefore, future studies need to highlight cohorts study and intervention study, and bring in implementation research to evaluate the significance of application, so as to bridge gaps between research evidence and practice for prevention and control of myopia.
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Objective@#To describe the prevalence of cell phone dependence and anxiety-depression co morbidity among college students, and to explore the association between cell phone dependence and anxiety-depression co morbidity among college students, in order to provide a reference basis for promoting the development of college students mental health.@*Methods@#Using a prospective study design, baseline survey was conducted in April-May 2019 among a random whole group sample of 1 135 individuals in two universities in Hefei, Anhui Province and Shangrao, Jiangxi Province, and a follow up survey was conducted in November 2019 among the sampled population, with a valid number of 1 110 individuals after matching with the baseline survey. The Self rating Questionnaire for Adolescent Problematic Mobile Phone Use (SQAPMPU) was used to assess college students cell phone dependence, and the Depression Anxiety Stress Self Rating Scale (DASS-21) to assess depression, anxiety, and anxiety depression co morbidity symptoms, and the self administered Health Related Behavior and Mental Health Questionnaire for College Students to report sleep duration.@*Results@#The detection rates of cell phone dependence among college students at baseline and follow up surveys were 24.5% and 27.7%, respectively, and the detection rates of anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, and anxiety depression co morbidities were 28.7%, 21.3%, and 18.4%, respectively. The results of the binary Logistic regression model showed that cell phone dependence was positively associated with the risk of anxiety depression co morbid symptoms among college students at baseline ( OR =5.79, 95% CI =4.06-8.24) and after six months of follow up ( OR =2.62, 95% CI =1.86-3.69) ( P <0.01). The results of the moderating effect analysis showed that sleep duration moderated the association between cell phone dependence and anxiety depression co morbidities, and the interaction term was statistically significant ( β =0.08, 0.04, P <0.01).@*Conclusion@#Cell phone dependence in college students increases the risk of depressive and anxiety co morbid symptoms, and sleep mitigates effect of cell phone dependence on depressive and anxiety co morbid symptoms in college students.
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To investigate the relationship of biofilm-forming ability of (PA) with swimming motility, twitching motility and virulence gene distribution. A total of 192 clinical isolates of PA were collected consecutively. Microtiter plate method was used to evaluate the ability to form biofilm. The swimming and twitching motilities were detected by plate method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect virulence genes. Of the 192 PA clinical isolates, 186 (96.9%) showed biofilm-forming ability. Among them, 36 isolates showed weak biofilm-forming ability, 84 exhibited moderate biofilm-forming ability and 66 showed strong biofilm-forming ability. The diameters of the swimming ring for PA with none biofilm-forming ability, weak biofilm-forming ability, moderate biofilm-forming ability, strong biofilm-forming ability were (9.12±6.76), (18.42±7.51), (19.10±4.77) and respectively. The diameters of the twitching ring for PA in above groups were (8.38±1.50), (17.21±7.42), (18.49±5.62) and respectively. The swimming motility and twitching motility of none biofilm-forming ability group were weaker than biofilm-forming ability groups (all <0.05). Among 192 PA strains, 163 were positive (84.9%), 40 were positive (20.8%), 183 were positive (95.3%), and 189 were positive (98.4%). The positive rate of PA virulence gene , and were different in strains with different biofilm-forming abilities (<0.05). The rate of in the strong biofilm-forming ability group was lower than that in the moderate biofilm-forming ability group (=9.293, <0.01) and the weak biofilm-forming ability group (=9.997, <0.01). The rate of in the strong biofilm-forming ability group was higher than that in the weak biofilm-forming ability group (=10.803, <0.01). Most clinical isolates of PA can form biofilm. Swimming and twitching motilities are related to the formation of biofilm, but not significantly related to strength of biofilm-forming ability. The virulence genes of type Ⅲ secretion system for PA may be related to the biofilm-forming ability.
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Humans , Biofilms , Swimming , Virulence/geneticsABSTRACT
Objective@#To describe digital media use in college students during the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) outbreak.@*Methods@#A structured self-administered electronic questionnaire was designed and admin istered during February 4 to 12, 2020, collecting information on the use time of digital media and anxiety symptoms of college students in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Data was analyzed by Chi-square test, univariate and multivariate Logistic regression models.@*Results@#A total of 11 787 university students were recruited. The detection rate of anxiety symptoms was 17.8%. The percentages of screen time ≤2, >2-4 and >4 h/d were 21.3%, 31.4% and 47.3%. The proportions of mobile phone use time ≤2, >2-4 and >4 h/d were 14.6%, 33.2% and 52.3%. The proportion of browsing information regarding COVID-19 ≤1, 1-2 and >2 h/d were 66.6%, 19.4% and 13.9%. The results of Logistic regression analysis revealed that the detection rate of anxiety symptoms was lower among the students having 2-4 h/d of screen time(OR=0.70, 95%CI=0.61-0.81), but higher among the students having more than 4 h/d of screen time(OR=1.13, 95%CI=1.00-1.28) compared with those having ≤2 h/d of video usage time. Compared with the mobile phone usage ≤2 h/d group, the detection rate was lower among >2-4 h/d group(OR=0.78, 95%CI=0.66-0.91). However, anxiety symptoms were more likely to occur in the group of > 4 h/d(OR=1.20, 95%CI=1.04-1.39). The detection of anxiety symptoms was higher in the group with more browsing time. The OR for anxiety symptoms detection rate was 1.55(1.38-1.75) among the students with >1-2 h/d of browsing information regarding COVID-19 and 2.15(1.89-2.44) among the students with >2 h/d of browsing information regarding COVID-19 compared with those with ≤1 h/d of browsing information regarding COVID-19.@*Conclusion@#During the epidemic period, the use of >2-4 h/d digital media helps to reduce the occurrence of anxiety symptoms. But the use of computers and mobile phones for more than 4 h/d is associated with higher level of anxiety symptoms among college students. Less screen time spent on fact-checking on COVID-19 might help reduce anxiety sympotoms among college students.
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Objective@#To describe the prevalence of problematic mobile phone use and anxiety in college students, and explore the mediating effect of sleep quality on the relationship between problematic mobile phone use and anxiety, and to provide reference for physical and mental health promotion of college students.@*Methods@#One medical college and a comprephensive college were selected in Hefei city of Anhui Province and Shangrao City of Jiangxi Province, respectively, and a cross-sectional survey was conducted. A total of 1 135 valid questionnaires were collected. The self-rating questionnaires regarding basic information of college students, use the Self-rating Questionnaire for Adolescent Problematic Mobile Phone Use(SQAPMPU) and the Self-Rating Questionnaire for Depression-Anxiety-Stress for Adolescent Problematic Mobile Phone Use(DASS-21) was used to evaluate problematic mobile phone use and anxiety, respectively. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI) was used to evaluate sleep quality.@*Conclusion@#The detection rates of college students with problematic mobile phone use and poor sleep quality were 24.6% and 13.3%, respectively. The detection rates of college students anxiety grouped by severity were 5.1%, 23.9%. Multiple Logistic regression analysis showed a positive linear correlation between problematic mobile phone use and anxiety[OR values(95%CI) were 1.86(1.01-3.44), 4.34(3.14-5.99), P<0.01]. The results of process showed that sleep quality played a moderating role between problematic mobile phone use and anxiety(R2=0.37, F=220.52, P<0.01). Interaction term s β=0.09(P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#The prevalence of problematic mobile phone use is high in college students, and problematic mobile phone use is positively related to anxiety. Good sleep quality can alleviate the relationship between mobile phone dependence and anxiety of college students.
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Objective@#This study aimed to investigate the correlation between brain gray matter volume(GMV) and MPD based on voxel-based morphometry(VBM) method.@*Methods@#By using principle of random sampling method, 566 students were recruited from 5 different majors in a certain university. An electronic questionnaire was used to collect the general situation and MPD. Moreover, 266 students were obtained high-resolution 3-dimensional T1 structure images by 3.0 T MRI based on voluntary principle. A multiple regression model with VBM8 was performed to detect GMV associated with MPD scores.@*Results@#Among the 266 participants, 81 students(30.5%) reported MPD. There were no statistical differences of MPD scores between different characteristics, such as gender, residential area, sibling and perceived family income, as well as academic performance(t/F=-1.04,0.40,-1.30,0.23,1.48,P>0.05). An inverse correlation was found between GMV of the anterior cingulate gyrus(ACC) and right fusiform gyrus(FFG) with MPD scores(FDR corrected, P<0.05), and no positive associations were found.@*Conclusion@#College students with higher severity of MPD have lower GMV of ACC and right FFG, and these results suggested that MPD was correlated with brain reward, executive control and emotional related GMV.
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Abstract@#With the coming of digital era, children and adolescents are generally exposed to digital media. Digital media is like a double-edged sword, while providing children and adolescents with learning opportunities and increasing social activities and support, it also brings a series of health risks. This article summarizes the current situation of children and adolescents exposure to digital media, focuses on the relationship between children and adolescents digital media use and mental health, and proposes future research directions based on current research progress, and advocates to explore the direction and potential biological mechanism of the association.
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Objective@#To describe physical activity (PA) level of college students, and to examine the associations between PA and physical health and depression, so as to provide evidence for health promotion of college students.@*Methods@#During June to July 2018, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among 4 624 college students from 2 universities in Anhui and Jiangxi provinces. The basic information was investigated by the questionnaire. PA was assessed by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire(IPAQ). Physical and mental health were evaluated by the 36-item Short Form Health Survey Questionnaire (SF-36) and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale(CES-D), respectively.Chi-square test was used to examine the differences between physical health and depression among college students with different demographic characteristics. The generalized linear model and binary logistic regression model were used to analyze the relationships between PA and physical health and depression.@*Results@#The proportion of good, medium and poor physical health were 64.5%, 31.6% and 3.9%, respectively. The detection rate of depression was 34.1%. Compared to low PA group, physical health was negatively correlated with medium PA (OR=0.78, 95%CI=0.66-0.91) and high PA(OR=0.46, 95%CI=0.38-0.56). Binary logistic regression results showed that, depression was negatively associated with medium PA (OR=0.69, 95%CI=0.59-0.82) and high PA(OR=0.66, 95%CI=0.55-0.79)(P<0.05). @*Conclusion@#There is a significant association between PA and physical health and depression. Further longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the causal relationship between PA and physical and mental health.
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Objective@#To explore the correlation between screen time, exposure time to different screens and psychology behaviors of preschool children.@*Methods@#A total of 2 582 children from kindergartens in urban Xuzhou areas were recruited to perform the physical examination, a cluster sampling method being explored. Parent questionnaires were performed to understand the time of screens and children’s psychology behaviors. Multi-linear regression and Logistic regression models were also used to analyze the correlation between them in preschool children.@*Results@#The prevalence of abnormal internalization behavior of preschool children in Xuzhou City was 3.8%, the detection rate of abnormal externalization behavior was 22.4%, and the detection rate of prosocial behavior abnormality was 20.9%. The time spent by the preschool boys on TV time, learning day screen time and one-week video time is significantly higher than the girls (P<0.05). After adjusting for age and gender, the results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that the longer the average screen time, the more serious the problem of internalizing and externalizing problems; and the longer the average screen time of the weekend and the week, the worse the prosocial behavior of children (P<0.05). After correcting multiple covariates, it was found that the average screen time was positively correlated with children’s internal and external behavioral problems (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for age and gender, the average screen time of study day, weekend and week was a risk factor for preschool children’s internal and external behavior problems, and the average weekly screen time was a protective factor for prosocial behavior (P<0.05). After adjusting for multiple covariates, the learning day and the average weekly screen time were risk factors for children’s internal and external behavior (P<0.05). In addition, the results of association analysis between different types of video time exposure and psychological behavior showed that after adjusting for age and gender, all types of video exposures affected the internal and external behaviors of patients (P<0.05); after correcting multiple covariates The association was still statistically significant (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for age and gender, the exposure time of each type of video screen was a risk factor for children’s internal and external behavior problems (P<0.05). After correcting multiple covariates, all types of video exposure were internalized behavior problems. The risk factors, and the video time of other electronic products were risk factors for externalization behavior problems (P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Average screen time has a significant positive correlation with psychological behavior, and the exposure time of screens such as TV and mobile phone could increase the incidence of psychological behaviors in preschool children.
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Objective@#This study aimed to examine the mediating effects of sleep quality in the association between beverages consumption and depressive symptoms in Chinese university students, and to provide a theoretical reference for preventing and reducing depression symptoms.@*Methods@#This school-based cross-sectional survey was carried out among 4 624 university students from 2 universities in Anhui and Jiangxi provinces of China. The patient health questionnaire-9 items (PHQ-9) was used to assess depressive symptoms. The Pittsburgh sleep quality index（PSQI） was used to assess sleep quality, and a self-reported dietary frequency questionnaire was used to measure beverages consumption. The quantile regression model was used to association analysis, and the latent variable mediation model was used to analyze the mediation effect.@*Results@#The positive rates of mild, moderate, moderate to severe and severe depression in 4 624 university students were 31.4%, 7.5%, 4.1% and 2.0%, respectively. There was a significant association between the beverages consumption score, the PSQI score, and the PHQ-9 score( P <0.01). The higher the quantile of the beverage consumption and PSQI score, the greater the regression coefficient ( β ), and a significant dose-response relationship was observed( P <0.01). In the latent variable mediation model of beverages consumption associated with depressive symptoms in Chinese university students, the mediating effect value of sleep quality was 0.12, and the ratio of mediating effect to total effect was 71.3%.@*Conclusion@#Our study demonstrates that poor sleep quality partially mediates the association between beverages consumption and depressive symptoms in Chinese university students.
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Rabies is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by lyssavirus and characterized by central nervous system symptoms. The fatality rate of rabies is almost 100%. About 59 000 cases die of rabies worldwide every year, mainly in Asia and Africa. China is an epidemic country of rabies. Grade II and III exposures are the main types of rabies exposures in China. Standardized post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) can prevent rabies almost 100%. Human Rabies Vaccine Technical Working Group, National Immunization Advisory Committee and invited experts reached an expert consensus on PEP by referring to the World Health Organization′s position paper on rabies vaccine in 2018 and related research progress in recent.
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Objective@#To understand epidemiological characteristics of human rabies in China in 2017 and provide evidence for the development of strategy of human rabies control and prevention.@*Methods@#The descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted based on the epidemic data from Chinese Infectious Disease Surveillance Reporting System, sentinel surveillance system in 6 provinces (Hunan, Guangxi, Anhui, Guizhou, Jiangsu and Shandong) and National Bureau of Statistics in 2017.@*Results@#A total of 516 human rabies cases, including 502 deaths, were reported by 27 provinces in 2017 with the morbidity rate and mortality rate of 0.037/100 000 and 0.036/100 000, respectively. The case number and death number decreased by 19.88% (128/644) and 15.20% (90/592) respectively compared with 2016. Rabies epidemics were mainly found in southern and central areas. The first 5 provinces reporting high case numbers were Hunan (71 cases), Henan (52 cases), Guangxi (41 cases), Anhui (39 cases) and Hubei (39 cases), their cases accounted for 46.90% (242/516) of the total reported cases in China. Rabies mainly occurred in summer and autumn, and the majority of patients were farmers, students and children outside child care settings. The male to female ratio of the cases was 2.46 ∶ 1 (367 ∶ 149). Cases was reported in all age groups, and more cases occurred in middle aged and old adults than in adolescents. Questionnaires survey was conducted for 186 cases, the results indicated that 94.89% (167/176) of exposures were caused by dog bites. The exposure degree was mainly category Ⅲ, accounting for 68.86% (115/167), and only 6.02% (10/166) of cases were immunized after exposure. The median of latent period of these cases was 72 days.@*Conclusions@#By 2017, the human rabies incidence in China had declined consecutively for ten years, more cases were reported in southern area than in northern area. The case number showed downward trends in provinces with high incidences and fluctuant increase in provinces with low incidence. Rabies cases mainly occurred in rural areas, and most cases were men and farmers. Low rate of post exposure prophylaxis, low rates of vaccination and passive immunization product injection were main causes for the onset of human rabies. It is necessary to strengthen the surveillance for human rabies, especially in rural areas, health education about treatment after rabies exposure and expend the coverage of canine immunization.
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Objective@#To investigate the correlation of lifestyle with obesity among migrant children in Shanghai and to provide reference for preventing and controlling obesity of the migrant children.@*Methods@#Stratified cluster sampling was adopted to conduct a routine physical examination and investigate lifestyle among 3 894 students (7-13 years old) in June 2018. Association of lifestyle with obesity was analyzed. Chi-square test was used to compare differences in obesity prevalence among migrant children with different lifestyles. Logistic regression was used to explore association with lifestyle and obesity.@*Results@#Chi-square test showed that obesity rate in males (18.6%) was significantly higher than that of females(10.7%)(χ2=24.79, P<0.01). Sleep duration, screen time, exercise frequency correlated with obesity(χ2=35.13, 9.29, 7.98, P<0.05). Regression results illustrated that insufficient sleep duration associated higher risk of obesity, the odds ratio for obesity was (OR=2.61, 95%CI=1.64-4.11) and (OR=1.54, 95%CI=1.27-1.86) among children with sleep duration less than 6 h/d and 6-8 h/d, compared with children with more than 8 h/d sleep time, after multiple covariates controlled.@*Conclusion@#Sleep deprivation positively associated with obesity, ensuring adequate sleep time might help prevent obesity among migrant children.
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Objective@#To study the consumption status of sports drinks in colleges and universitiesand its influencing factors,so as to provide the scientific basis for conducting nutrition education and making interventional measures.@*Methods@#2 610 college students from arts school, PE school and Chemistry and Environmental Science Institute of a university in Shangrao city, Jiangxi Province were randomly selected by random cluster sampling method to investigate the frequency and types of drinking beverages.@*Results@#In terms of gender, apart from lactic acid drinks, there was significant statistical significance in whether men and women regularly consumed beverages (fruit and vegetable juice drinks, χ2=24.20;Tea beverage, χ2=45.58;Carbonated beverage, χ2=57.27;Energy drink χ2=86.68, P<0.01).In addition to lactic acid drinks, there was statistically significant difference in whether the college regularly consumed beverages (fruit and vegetable juice drinks, χ2=54.72;Tea beverage, χ2=25.97;Carbonated beverages, χ2=46.64;Energy drinks χ2=74.81, P<0.01).In terms of family residence, only tea beverage (χ2=25.97) and carbonated beverage (χ2=46.64) had statistical significance（P<0.01）. In terms of monthly living expenses, all beverage types had statistical significance (milk beverage, χ2=11.69;Fruit and vegetable juice beverage, χ2=18.92;Tea beverage, χ2=20.09;Carbonated beverages,χ2=29.98;Energy drink χ2=17.71, P<0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that apart from lactic beverages, male students were more likely to consume fruit and vegetable juice, tea beverage, carbonated drinks and functional drinks than female students(OR=1.60, 2.38, 2.50, 4.95, P<0.01); The students in PE school were more likely to consume lactic beverages and functional drinks than those in Arts school, while the students in Chemistry and environmental science institute were less likely to consume fruit and vegetable juice, tea beverage, carbonated drinks and functional drinks than those in Art school (OR=1.29, 2.19, 0.43, 0.50, 0.42, 0.42, P<0.05); The students who spent >1 500 yuan monthly were more likely to consume lactic beverages, fruit and vegetable juice, tea beverage, carbonated drinks than those spent <1000 yuan monthly, and they consumed more functional than those spent<1 000 yuan monthly(OR=1.68, 1.75, 1.73, 2.15, 1.69, P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#The students of different characters have different kinds of beverages. Therefore, health education should focus on male students who spend <1 500 monthly, and targeted measures should be taken to help college students build up a reasonable concept of beverage consumption so as to promote the formation of a scientific behavior of beverage consumption.
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Objective To study the lineages of rabies virus and the epidemic characteristics in different provincial populations of China,to provide information for the development of control and prevention measures in each respective provinces.Methods Full length N and G genes and full-genome of epidemic strains of rabies virus collected in China were downloaded from GenBank and combined with newly sequenced strains by our lab.Each strain was classified under six lineages of China rabies by constructing phylogenetic trees based on the N or G sequences.Numbers of strains and lineages in each province were counted and compared.Results Six lineages (China Ⅰ-Ⅵ) were prevalent in China,with 4 found in Yunnan and Hunan.In 6 provinces,including Henan and Fujian,3 lineages were found.In 8 provinces,including Shanghai and Jiangxi,2 lineages were found Only 1 lineage,were found in Beijing,Tianjin and other 12 provinces.the China Ⅰ,was the dominant one in 25 provinces.In recent years,China Ⅲ had been found in wild animals and spread over livestock in Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang areas.Qinghai and Tibet had been influenced by China Ⅳ,which also been found in wild animals of Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang.Conclusion There had been obvious differences in lineages and strain numbers of rabies virus identified in different provinces in China.
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Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of human rabies in China in 2016 and provide evidence for the control and prevention of human rabies.Methods The incidence data of human rabies in China in 2016 were collected from national infectious disease reporting information management system.The surveillance data were collected from provinces of Shandong,Guizhou,Anhui,Hunan,Jiangsu and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.Excel 2013 software was used to process and summarize the data,the epidemiological characteristics of human rabies in China in 2016 were described by using indicators such as morbidity,mortality and constituent ratio.Results A total of 644 human rabies cases were reported in 28 provinces in China in 2016,a decrease of 19.60％ (157/801) compared with 2015.The provinces reporting high incidences of human rabies were Henan,Hunan,Guangxi and Guizhou,accounting for 39.44％ (254/644) of the total cases.One case was reported in Qinghai province and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region respectively.The male to female ratio of the cases was 2.14 ∶ 1 (439/205),and the majority of the patients were farmers (444/644).Surveillance points in 6 provinces reported 1 281 340 persons seeking post-exposure treatment,of whom 1 018 367 were treated for dog bite or scratch.A total of 764 234 persons completed the vaccination series,accounting for 63.90％ (764 234/1 195 956) of the persons with grade Ⅱ and Ⅲ exposures,and 28.89％ (165 677/573 571) of the persons with grade Ⅲ exposure were treated with passive immunization product.The average density of dogs in each surveillance area was 7.03/100 persons,the average canine immunization rate was 37.64％.Conclusion The incidence of human rabies has remained decline in China in 2016,the number of the affected provinces has increased and that has the tendency of spreading to low-risk regions.The cases mainly occurred in men and farmers,and caused by dog bite or scratch.It is necessary to strengthen the health education about rabies prevention and control in rural areas and expand the coverage of canine immunization to prevent and control human rabies.
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Objective@#To make etiological diagnosis and evaluate the protective effects of post-exposure prophylaxis(PEP) in an event of one dog injured seven persons.@*Methods@#Direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA) and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were employed to detect nucleoprotein and nucleoprotein(N) gene of rabies virus in the brain tissues of the dog, the positive samples were sequenced for the full length of N gene of rabies virus, then the homology of the N gene of rabies virus was analyzed after the phylogenetic tree was constructed. Rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) was applied to detect the rabies virus neutralizing antibodies(RVNA) on day 0, 14 and 40 after PEP.@*Results@#The cerebral, cerebellar and hippocampal tissues were positive by DFA and nested PCR. The phylogenetic tree indicated the rabies virus belonged to the rabies virus genotype I. The homology of the nucleotide and amino acid of the rabies virus N gene were over 86% with the vaccine strains. The titer of the RVNA increased significantly from the day 0 to day 14 after PEP, the lowest was 5.78 IU/ml and the highest was 26.15 IU/ml. On the day 40, the highest RVNA titer was 51.96 IU/ml. No rabies cases occurred in a one year follow-up visit.@*Conclusions@#Normative PEP can effectively prevent the occurrence of rabies cases.
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Objective To study the lineages of rabies virus and the epidemic characteristics in different provincial populations of China,to provide information for the development of control and prevention measures in each respective provinces.Methods Full length N and G genes and full-genome of epidemic strains of rabies virus collected in China were downloaded from GenBank and combined with newly sequenced strains by our lab.Each strain was classified under six lineages of China rabies by constructing phylogenetic trees based on the N or G sequences.Numbers of strains and lineages in each province were counted and compared.Results Six lineages (China Ⅰ-Ⅵ) were prevalent in China,with 4 found in Yunnan and Hunan.In 6 provinces,including Henan and Fujian,3 lineages were found.In 8 provinces,including Shanghai and Jiangxi,2 lineages were found Only 1 lineage,were found in Beijing,Tianjin and other 12 provinces.the China Ⅰ,was the dominant one in 25 provinces.In recent years,China Ⅲ had been found in wild animals and spread over livestock in Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang areas.Qinghai and Tibet had been influenced by China Ⅳ,which also been found in wild animals of Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang.Conclusion There had been obvious differences in lineages and strain numbers of rabies virus identified in different provinces in China.
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Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of human rabies in China in 2016 and provide evidence for the control and prevention of human rabies.Methods The incidence data of human rabies in China in 2016 were collected from national infectious disease reporting information management system.The surveillance data were collected from provinces of Shandong,Guizhou,Anhui,Hunan,Jiangsu and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.Excel 2013 software was used to process and summarize the data,the epidemiological characteristics of human rabies in China in 2016 were described by using indicators such as morbidity,mortality and constituent ratio.Results A total of 644 human rabies cases were reported in 28 provinces in China in 2016,a decrease of 19.60％ (157/801) compared with 2015.The provinces reporting high incidences of human rabies were Henan,Hunan,Guangxi and Guizhou,accounting for 39.44％ (254/644) of the total cases.One case was reported in Qinghai province and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region respectively.The male to female ratio of the cases was 2.14 ∶ 1 (439/205),and the majority of the patients were farmers (444/644).Surveillance points in 6 provinces reported 1 281 340 persons seeking post-exposure treatment,of whom 1 018 367 were treated for dog bite or scratch.A total of 764 234 persons completed the vaccination series,accounting for 63.90％ (764 234/1 195 956) of the persons with grade Ⅱ and Ⅲ exposures,and 28.89％ (165 677/573 571) of the persons with grade Ⅲ exposure were treated with passive immunization product.The average density of dogs in each surveillance area was 7.03/100 persons,the average canine immunization rate was 37.64％.Conclusion The incidence of human rabies has remained decline in China in 2016,the number of the affected provinces has increased and that has the tendency of spreading to low-risk regions.The cases mainly occurred in men and farmers,and caused by dog bite or scratch.It is necessary to strengthen the health education about rabies prevention and control in rural areas and expand the coverage of canine immunization to prevent and control human rabies.